@inproceedings {2023, title = {The effects of stress and predation on pain perception in robots}, booktitle = {Proc. 11th International Conference on Affective Computing \& Intelligent Interaction (ACII 2023)}, year = {2023}, month = {forthcoming}, publisher = {IEEE Computer Society, IEEE Explore}, organization = {IEEE Computer Society, IEEE Explore}, address = {Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA, USA, September 10{\textendash}13, 2023}, author = {L{\textquoteright}Haridon, L. and Ca{\~n}amero, L.} } @inproceedings {2020, title = {Embodied Affect for Real-World Human-Robot Interaction}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2020 ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction}, series = {HRI {\textquoteright}20}, year = {2020}, note = {Download}, pages = {459{\textendash}460}, publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery}, organization = {Association for Computing Machinery}, address = {New York, NY, USA}, abstract = {The potential that robots offer to support humans in multiple aspects of our daily lives is increasingly acknowledged. Despite the clear progress in social robotics and human-robot interaction, the actual realization of this potential still faces numerous scientific and technical challenges, many of them linked to difficulties in dealing with the complexity of the real world. Achieving real-world human-robot interaction requires, on the one hand, taking into account and addressing real-world (e.g., stakeholder{\textquoteright}s) needs and application areas and, on the other hand, making our robots operational in the real world. In this talk, I will address some of the contributions that Embodied Artificial Intelligence can make towards this goal, illustrating my arguments with examples of my and my group{\textquoteright}s research on HRI using embodied autonomous affective robots in areas such as developmental robotics, healthcare, and computational psychiatry. So far little explored in HRI, Embodied AI, which started as an alternative to "symbolic AI" (a "paradigm change") in the way to conceive and model the notion of "intelligence" and the interactions of embodied agents with the real world, is highly relevant towards achieving "real-world HRI", with its emphasis on notions such as autonomy, adaptation, interaction with dynamic environments, sensorimotor loops and coordination, learning from interactions, and more generally, as Rodney Brooks put it, using and exploiting the real world as "its own best model".}, doi = {10.1145/3319502.3374843}, url = {https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/3319502.3374843}, author = {Lola Ca{\~n}amero} } @inproceedings {9998, title = {Expression of Grounded Affect: How Much Emotion Can Arousal Convey?}, booktitle = {Proc. 21st Towards Autonomous Robotic Systems Conference (TAROS2020)}, series = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science}, volume = {12228}, year = {2020}, note = {Download (the complete proceedings are available from the link on this page)}, month = {09/2020}, pages = {234{\textendash}248}, publisher = {Springer}, organization = {Springer}, address = {Nottingham, UK}, abstract = {In this paper we consider how non-humanoid robots can communicate their affective state via bodily forms of communication (kinesics), and the extent to which this influences how humans respond to them. We propose a simple model of grounded affect and kinesic expression before presenting the qualitative findings of an exploratory study (N=9), during which participants were interviewed after watching expressive and non-expressive hexapod robots perform different {\textquoteleft}scenes{\textquoteright}. A summary of these interviews is presented and a number of emerging themes are identified and discussed. Whilst our findings suggest that the expressive robot did not evoke significantly greater empathy or altruistic intent in humans than the control robot, the expressive robot stimulated greater desire for interaction and was also more likely to be attributed with emotion.}, doi = {10.1007/978-3-030-63486-5_26}, url = {https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-63486-5_26}, author = {Hickton, Luke and Lewis, Matthew and Lola Ca{\~n}amero}, editor = {Abdelkhilick Mohammad and Xin Dong and Matteo Russo} } @inproceedings {2019, title = {Eager to Learn vs. Quick to Complain? How a socially adaptive robot architecture performs with different robot personalities}, booktitle = {Proc. 2019 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics (IEEE SMC 2019)}, year = {2019}, note = {Download}, month = {10/2019}, pages = {365{\textendash}371}, publisher = {IEEE}, organization = {IEEE}, address = {Bari, Italy}, abstract = {A social robot that is aware of our needs and continuously adapts its behaviour to them has the potential of creating a complex, personalized, human-like interaction of the kind we are used to have with our peers in our everyday lives. We are interested in exploring how would an adaptive architecture function and personalize to different users when given different initial values of its variables, i.e. when implementing the same adaptive framework with different robot personalities. Would an architecture that learns very quickly outperform a slower but steadier learning profile? To further explore this, we propose a cognitive architecture for the humanoid robot iCub supporting adaptability and we attempt to validate its functionality and test different robot profiles.}, doi = {10.1109/SMC.2019.8913903}, url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8913903}, author = {Ana Tanevska and Francesco Rea and Giulio Sandini and Lola Ca{\~n}amero and Alessandra Sciutti} } @inproceedings {2019, title = {The Effects of Affective Social Bonds on the Interactions and Survival of Simulated Agents}, booktitle = {ACII2019 Workshop on Social Emotions, Theories and Models (SE-THEMO)}, year = {2019}, note = {Download (or Download accepted version)}, month = {09/2019}, pages = {374{\textendash}380}, address = {Cambridge, UK}, abstract = {The formation and maintenance of affective social bonds plays a key role in the well-being of social agents. Oxytocin has been correlated with social partner preference, and it is hypothesised to influence prosocial behaviours. In this paper, we investigate the effects of modulating the preference of affective social bond partners through oxytocin during decisions related to food-sharing and grooming, in a society of simulated agents with different dominance ranks. Our results show survival benefits for agents with affective social bonds across a number of groups with different bond combinations. We observe a number of emergent social behaviours and suggest that our results bear some similarity with behaviors observed in biological agents.}, doi = {10.1109/ACIIW.2019.8925031}, url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/8925031}, author = {Imran Khan and Lewis, Matthew and Lola Ca{\~n}amero} } @article {9998, title = {Embodied Robot Models for Interdisciplinary Emotion Research}, journal = {IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing}, year = {2019}, note = {Download (Open Access)}, month = {Early Access}, publisher = {IEEE}, abstract = {Due to their complex nature, emotions cannot be properly understood from the perspective of a single discipline. In this paper, I discuss how the use of robots as models is beneficial for interdisciplinary emotion research. Addressing this issue through the lens of my own research, I focus on a critical analysis of embodied robots models of different aspects of emotion, relate them to theories in psychology and neuroscience, and provide representative examples. I discuss concrete ways in which embodied robot models can be used to carry out interdisciplinary emotion research, assessing their contributions: as hypothetical models, and as operational models of specific emotional phenomena, of general emotion principles, and of specific emotion "dimensions". I conclude by discussing the advantages of using embodied robot models over other models.}, doi = {10.1109/TAFFC.2019.2908162}, url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8700489/}, author = {Lola Ca{\~n}amero} } @inproceedings {3, title = {An Embodied AI Approach to Individual Differences: Supporting Self-Efficacy in Diabetic Children with an Autonomous Robot}, booktitle = {Proc. 7th International Conference on Social Robotics (ICSR-2015)}, series = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science}, year = {2015}, note = {Download (or Download authors{\textquoteright} draft)}, pages = {401{\textendash}410}, publisher = {Springer International Publishing}, organization = {Springer International Publishing}, address = {Paris}, abstract = {In this paper we discuss how a motivationally autonomous robot, designed using the principles of embodied AI, provides a suitable approach to address individual differences of children interacting with a robot, without having to explicitly modify the system. We do this in the context of two pilot studies using Robin, a robot to support self-confidence in diabetic children.}, isbn = {978-3-319-25553-8}, doi = {10.1007/978-3-319-25554-5_40}, url = {https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007\%2F978-3-319-25554-5_40}, author = {Lewis, Matthew and Oleari, Elettra and Pozzi, Clara and Lola Ca{\~n}amero}, editor = {Tapus, Adriana and Andr{\'e}, Elisabeth and Martin, Jean-Claude and Ferland, Fran{\c c}ois and Ammi, Mehdi} } @inproceedings {2013, title = {Epigenetic Adaptation in Action Selection Environments with Temporal Dynamics}, booktitle = {Advances in Artificial Life, ECAL 2013}, year = {2013}, note = {Download (Open Access)}, pages = {505{\textendash}512}, publisher = {MIT Press}, organization = {MIT Press}, abstract = {To operate in dynamic environments robots must be able to adapt their behaviour to meet the challenges that these pose while being constrained by their physical and computational limitation. In this paper we continue our study into using biologically inspired epigenetic adaptation through hormone modulation as a way to accommodate the needed flexibility in robots{\textquoteright} behaviour, focusing on problems of temporal dynamics. We have specifically framed our study in three variants of dynamic three-resource action selection environment. The challenges posed by these environments include: moving resources, temporal and increasing unavailability of resources, and cyclic changes in type and availability of resources related to cyclic environmental changes.}, doi = {10.7551/978-0-262-31709-2-ch073}, url = {https://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/abs/10.1162/978-0-262-31709-2-ch073}, author = {Lones, John and Lola Ca{\~n}amero and Lewis, Matthew} } @inproceedings {2013, title = {Epigenetic Adaptation through Hormone Modulation in Autonomous Robots}, booktitle = {2013 IEEE 3rd Joint International Conference on Development and Learning and Epigenetic Robotics (ICDL-Epirob 2013)}, year = {2013}, note = {Winner: Best Student Paper Download}, pages = {1{\textendash}6}, publisher = {IEEE}, organization = {IEEE}, address = {Osaka}, abstract = {Epigenetic adaptation provides biological organisms with the ability to adjust their physiology and/or morphology in order to meet some of the challenges posed by their environment. Recent research has suggested that this process may be controlled by hormones. In this paper, we present a model that allows an autonomous robot to develop its systems in accordance with the environment it is currently situated in. Experiments have been undertaken in multiple environments with different challenges and niches to negotiate. We have so far seen encouraging results and the emergence of unique behaviours tailored to exploiting its current environment.}, isbn = {9781479910366}, doi = {10.1109/DevLrn.2013.6652561}, author = {Lones, John and Lola Ca{\~n}amero} } @article {2012, title = {Eliciting Caregiving Behavior in Dyadic Human-robot Attachment-like Interactions}, journal = {ACM Transactions on Interactive Intelligent Systems}, volume = {2}, year = {2012}, note = {Download (Open Access)}, pages = {3:1{\textendash}3:24}, publisher = {ACM}, address = {New York, NY}, abstract = {We present here the design and applications of an arousal-based model controlling the behavior of a Sony AIBO robot during the exploration of a novel environment: a children{\textquoteright}s play mat. When the robot experiences too many new perceptions, the increase of arousal triggers calls for attention towards its human caregiver. The caregiver can choose to either calm the robot down by providing it with comfort, or to leave the robot coping with the situation on its own. When the arousal of the robot has decreased, the robot moves on to further explore the play mat. We gathered results from two experiments using this arousal-driven control architecture. In the first setting, we show that such a robotic architecture allows the human caregiver to influence greatly the learning outcomes of the exploration episode, with some similarities to a primary caregiver during early childhood. In a second experiment, we tested how human adults behaved in a similar setup with two different robots: one {\textquotedblleft}needy{\textquotedblright}, often demanding attention, and one more independent, requesting far less care or assistance. Our results show that human adults recognise each profile of the robot for what they have been designed, and behave accordingly to what would be expected, caring more for the needy robot than for the other. Additionally, the subjects exhibited a preference and more positive affect whilst interacting and rating the robot we designed as needy. This experiment leads us to the conclusion that our architecture and setup succeeded in eliciting positive and caregiving behavior from adults of different age groups and technological background. Finally, the consistency and reactivity of the robot during this dyadic interaction appeared crucial for the enjoyment and engagement of the human partner.}, issn = {2160-6455}, doi = {10.1145/2133366.2133369}, url = {https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/2133366.2133369}, author = {Antoine Hiolle and Lola Ca{\~n}amero and Davila-Ross, Marina and Kim A. Bard} } @article {2012, title = {Emotional Body Language Displayed by Artificial Agents}, journal = {ACM Transactions on Interactive Intelligent Systems}, volume = {2}, year = {2012}, note = {Download (Open Access)}, pages = {2:1{\textendash}2:29}, publisher = {ACM}, address = {New York, NY}, abstract = {Complex and natural social interaction between artificial agents (computer-generated or robotic) and humans necessitates the display of rich emotions in order to be believable, socially relevant, and accepted, and to generate the natural emotional responses that humans show in the context of social interaction, such as engagement or empathy. Whereas some robots use faces to display (simplified) emotional expressions, for other robots such as Nao, body language is the best medium available given their inability to convey facial expressions. Displaying emotional body language that can be interpreted whilst interacting with the robot should significantly improve naturalness. This research investigates the creation of an affect space for the generation of emotional body language to be displayed by humanoid robots. To do so, three experiments investigating how emotional body language displayed by agents is interpreted were conducted. The first experiment compared the interpretation of emotional body language displayed by humans and agents. The results showed that emotional body language displayed by an agent or a human is interpreted in a similar way in terms of recognition. Following these results, emotional key poses were extracted from an actor{\textquoteright}s performances and implemented in a Nao robot. The interpretation of these key poses was validated in a second study where it was found that participants were better than chance at interpreting the key poses displayed. Finally, an affect space was generated by blending key poses and validated in a third study. Overall, these experiments confirmed that body language is an appropriate medium for robots to display emotions and suggest that an affect space for body expressions can be used to improve the expressiveness of humanoid robots.}, issn = {2160-6455}, doi = {10.1145/2133366.2133368}, url = {https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/2133366.2133368}, author = {Aryel Beck and Stevens, Brett and Kim A. Bard and Lola Ca{\~n}amero} } @inbook {2010, title = {Emotion et cognition: les robots comme outils et mod{\`e}les}, booktitle = {Syst{\`e}mes d{\textquoteright}interaction {\'e}motionnelle}, year = {2010}, publisher = {Lavoisier Hermes Science}, organization = {Lavoisier Hermes Science}, chapter = {9}, address = {Paris, France}, isbn = {978-2-7462-2115-4}, author = {Lola Ca{\~n}amero and Philippe Gaussier and C Hasson and Antoine Hiolle}, editor = {Catherine Pelachaud} } @inproceedings {2010, title = {Emotion in Decisions of Life and Death {\textendash} Its Role in Brain-Body-Environment Interactions for Predator and Prey}, booktitle = {Artificial Life XII: Proc. of the 12th International Conference on the Synthesis and Simulation of Living Systems}, year = {2010}, note = {Download (Open Access)}, month = {08/2010}, pages = {812{\textendash}822}, publisher = {MIT Press}, organization = {MIT Press}, address = {Odense, Denmark}, abstract = {Taking inspiration from the biological world, in our work we are attempting to create and examine artificial predator-prey relationships using two LEGO robots. We do so to explore the possible adaptive value of emotion-like states for action selection in this context. However, we also aim to study and consider these concepts together at different levels of abstraction. For example, in terms of individual agents{\textquoteright} brain-body-environment interactions, as well as the (emergent) predator-prey relationships resulting from these. Here, we discuss some of the background concepts and motivations driving the design of our implementation and experiments. First, we explain why we think the predator-prey relationship is so interesting. Narrowing our focus to emotion-based architectures, this is followed by a review of existing literature, comparing different types and highlighting the novel aspects of our own. We conclude with our proposed contributions to the literature and thus, ultimately, the design and creation of artificial life.}, url = {https://mitpress-request.mit.edu/sites/default/files/titles/alife/0262290758chap141.pdf}, author = {O{\textquoteright}Bryne, Claire and Lola Ca{\~n}amero}, editor = {Harold Fellermann and Mark D{\"o}rr and Martin M Hanczy and Lone Ladegaard Laursen and Sarah Maurer and Daniel Merkle and Pierre-Alain Monnard and Kasper St{\o}y and Steen Rasmussen} } @inproceedings {2010, title = {Evolution of Bistable Dynamics in Spiking Neural Controllers for Agents Performing Olfactory Attraction and Aversion}, booktitle = {Proc. 19th Annual Computational Neuroscience Meeting (CNS*2010)}, volume = {11(Suppl 1)}, year = {2010}, month = {07/2010}, pages = {92}, publisher = {BioMed Central Ltd.}, organization = {BioMed Central Ltd.}, address = {San Antonio, TX}, issn = {1471-2202}, doi = {10.1186/1471-2202-11-S1-P92}, url = {http://bmcneurosci.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2202-11-S1-P92}, author = {Oros, Nicolas and Volker Steuber and Davey, Neil and Lola Ca{\~n}amero and Roderick G Adams} } @inbook {2009, title = {Emotion Modelling and Facial Affect Recognition in Human-Computer and Human-Robot Interaction}, booktitle = {Affective Computing, Emotion Modelling, Synthesis and Recognition}, year = {2009}, publisher = {InTechOpen Publishers}, organization = {InTechOpen Publishers}, chapter = {12}, isbn = {978-3-902613-42-4}, doi = {10.5772/6648}, url = {http://www.intechopen.com/books/state_of_the_art_in_face_recognition/emotion_modelling_and_facial_affect_recognition_in_human-computer_and_human-robot_interaction}, author = {Lori Malatesta and John C Murray and Amaryllis Raouzaiou and Antoine Hiolle and Lola Ca{\~n}amero and Kostas Karpouzis}, editor = {Mario I. Chacon-M.} } @inproceedings {2009, title = {Evolution of Bilateral Symmetry in Agents Controlled by Spiking Neural Networks}, booktitle = {Proc. 2009 IEEE Symposium on Artificial Life (ALIFE 2009)}, year = {2009}, month = {03/2009}, pages = {116{\textendash}123}, publisher = {IEEE Press}, organization = {IEEE Press}, address = {Nashville, TN}, abstract = {We present in this paper three novel developmental models allowing information to be encoded in space and time, using spiking neurons placed on a 2D substrate. In two of these models, we introduce neural development that can use bilateral symmetry. We show that these models can create neural controllers for agents evolved to perform chemotaxis. Neural bilateral symmetry can be evolved and be beneficial for an agent. This work is the first, as far as we know, to present developmental models where spiking neurons are generated in space and where bilateral symmetry can be evolved and proved to be beneficial in this context.}, isbn = {978-1-4244-2763-5}, issn = {2160-6374}, doi = {10.1109/ALIFE.2009.4937702}, url = {http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/4937702/}, author = {Oros, Nicolas and Volker Steuber and Davey, Neil and Lola Ca{\~n}amero and Roderick G Adams} } @inproceedings {2008, title = {Evolving Morphological and Behavioral Diversity Without Predefined Behavior Primitives}, booktitle = {Artificial Life XI: Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on the Simulation and Synthesis of Living Systems}, year = {2008}, month = {08/2008}, pages = {474{\textendash}481}, publisher = {MIT Press}, organization = {MIT Press}, address = {Winchester, UK}, abstract = {Virtual ecosystems, where natural selection is used to evolve complex agent behavior, are often preferred to traditional genetic algorithms because the absence of an explicitly defined fitness allows for a less constrained evolutionary process. However, these model ecosystems typically pre-specify a discrete set of possible action primitives the agents can perform. We think that this also constrains the evolutionary process with the modellers preconceptions of what possible solutions could be. Therefore, we propose an ecosystem model to evolve complete agents where all higher-level behavior results strictly from the interplay between extremely simple components and where no {\textquoteleft}behavior primitives{\textquoteright} are defined. On the basis of four distinct survival strategies we show that such primitives are not necessary to evolve behavioral diversity even in a simple and homogeneous environment.}, isbn = {978-0-262-75017-2}, url = {https://mitpress-request.mit.edu/sites/default/files/titles/alife/0262287196chap62.pdf}, author = {Pichler, Peter-Paul and Lola Ca{\~n}amero}, editor = {Seth Bullock and Jason Noble and Richard A. Watson and Mark A Bedau} } @inproceedings {2007, title = {An Evolving Ecosystems Approach to Generating Complex Agent Behaviour}, booktitle = {Proc. IEEE Symposium on Artificial Life 2007, ALIFE{\textquoteright}07}, year = {2007}, month = {04/2007}, pages = {303{\textendash}310}, publisher = {IEEE}, organization = {IEEE}, address = { Honolulu, HI}, abstract = {We propose an evolving ecosystem approach to evolving complex agent behaviour based on the principle of natural selection. The agents start with very limited functional design and morphology and neural controllers are concurrently evolved as functional wholes. The agents are {\textquoteleft}grounded{\textquoteright} in an increasingly complex environment by a complex model metabolism and interaction dynamics. Furthermore, we introduce a novel criterion for evaluating differential reproductive success aimed at maximising evolutionary freedom. We also present first experimental results suggesting that this approach may be conducive to widening the scope of artificial evolution for the generation of agents exhibiting non-trivial behaviours in a complex ecosystem.}, isbn = {1-4244-0701-X}, issn = {2160-6374}, doi = {10.1109/ALIFE.2007.367810}, url = {http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/4218900/}, author = {Pichler, Peter-Paul and Lola Ca{\~n}amero} } @inproceedings {2005, title = {Ecological Integration of Affordances and Drives for Behaviour Selection}, booktitle = {Proc. IJCAI 2005 Workshop on Modeling Natural Action Selection}, year = {2005}, pages = {225{\textendash}228}, address = {Edinburgh, Scotland}, abstract = {This paper shows a study of the integration of physiology and perception in a biologically inspired robotic architecture that learns behavioural patterns by interaction with the environment. This implements a hierarchical view of learning and behaviour selection which bases adaptation on a relationship between reinforcement and the agent{\textquoteright}s inner motivations. This view ingrains together the basic principles necessary to explain the underlying processes of learning behavioural patterns and the way these change via interaction with the environment. These principles have been experimentally tested and the results are presented and discussed throughout the paper.}, isbn = {1-902956-40-9}, author = {Cos-Aguilera, Ignasi and Lola Ca{\~n}amero and Gillian M Hayes and Gillies, Andrew}, editor = {Joanna J Bryson and Tony J Prescott and Anil K Seth} } @article {2005, title = {Emotion Understanding from the Perspective of Autonomous Robots Research}, journal = {Neural Networks}, volume = {18}, year = {2005}, month = {05/2005}, pages = {445{\textendash}455}, abstract = {In this paper, I discuss some of the contributions that modeling emotions in autonomous robots can make towards understanding human emotions-{\textquoteright}as sited in the brain{\textquoteright} and as used in our interactions with the environment-and emotions in general. Such contributions are linked, on the one hand, to the potential use of such robotic models as tools and {\textquoteright}virtual laboratories{\textquoteright} to test and explore systematically theories and models of human emotions, and on the other hand to a modeling approach that fosters conceptual clarification and operationalization of the relevant aspects of theoretical notions and models. As illustrated by an overview of recent advances in the field, this area is still in its infancy. However, the work carried out already shows that we share many conceptual problems and interests with other disciplines in the affective sciences and that sound progress necessitates multidisciplinary efforts.}, issn = {0893-6080}, doi = {10.1016/j.neunet.2005.03.003}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0893608005000365}, author = {Lola Ca{\~n}amero} } @inbook {2005, title = {Emotion Understanding: Robots as Tools and Models}, booktitle = {Emotional Development: Recent Research Advances}, year = {2005}, pages = {235{\textendash}258}, publisher = {Oxford University Press}, organization = {Oxford University Press}, chapter = {9}, isbn = {0-19-85-2883-3 (Hbk) 0-19-85-2884-1 (Pbk)}, doi = {10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198528845.003.0009}, author = {Lola Ca{\~n}amero and Philippe Gaussier}, editor = {Jacqueline Nadel and Darwin Muir} } @inproceedings {2004, title = {The Evolution of Affect-Related Displays, Recognition and Related Strategies}, booktitle = {ALIFE IX: Proceeding of the 9th international conference on the simulation and synthesis of living systems}, year = {2004}, pages = {176{\textendash}181}, publisher = {MIT Press}, organization = {MIT Press}, abstract = {This paper presents an ecologically motivated, bottom-up approach to investigating the evolution of expression, perception and related behaviour of affective internal states that complements game-theoretic studies of the evolutionary success of animal display. Our results show that the perception of displays related to affect greatly influences both the types of display produced and also the survival prospects of agents. Relative to agents that do not perceive rival agent internal state, affect perceivers prosper if the initial environment in which they reside provides numerous opportunities for interaction with other agents and resources. Conversely, where the initial environment with sparse resources does not allow for regular interaction, ability to perceive affect is not as facilitatory to survival. Furthermore, the agents evolve particular display strategies distorting the expression of affect and greatly influencing the proportion of affect perceiving to nonaffect perceiving agents over evolutionary time.}, isbn = {9780262661836}, author = {Robert Lowe and Lola Ca{\~n}amero and Nehaniv, Chrystopher L and Daniel Polani}, editor = {Jordan Pollack and Mark A Bedau and Phil Husbands and Takashi Ikegami and Richard A. Watson} } @inbook {2003, title = {e-Tools: The use of Assistive Technologies to enhance disabled and senior citizens{\textquoteright} autonomy}, booktitle = {e-Health: Application of Computing Science in Medicine and Health Care}, year = {2003}, pages = {119{\textendash}132}, publisher = {Instituto Polit{\'e}cnico National Press}, organization = {Instituto Polit{\'e}cnico National Press}, abstract = {In this paper we present our preliminary ideas about the integration of several technologies to build specific e-tools for the disabled and for the new generation of senior citizens. {\textquoteleft}e-Tools{\textquoteright} stands for Embedded Tools, as we aim to embed intelligent assistive devices in homes and other facilities, creating ambient intelligence environments to give support to patients and caregivers. In particular, we aim to explore the benefits of the concept of situated intelligence to build intelligent artefacts that will enhance the autonomy of the target group during their daily life. We present here a multi-level architecture and our preliminary research on navigation schemes for a robotic wheelchair.}, author = {Cort{\'e}s, Ulises and Annicchiarico, Roberta and V{\'a}zquez-Salceda, Javier and Urdiales, Cristina and Lola Ca{\~n}amero and Maite L{\'o}pez and Miquel S{\`a}nchez-Marr{\`e} and Carlo Caltagirone}, editor = {I Rudom{\'\i}n and J V{\'a}zquez-Salceda and J L D{\'\i}az de Le{\'o}n Santiago} } @proceedings {2001, title = {Emotional and Intelligent II: The Tangled Knot of Social Cognition. Papers from the 2001 AAAI Fall Symposium}, year = {2001}, publisher = {AAAI Press}, address = {North Falmouth, Massachusetts}, isbn = {978-1-57735-136-8}, url = {https://www.aaai.org/Press/Reports/Symposia/Fall/fs-01-02.php}, editor = {Ca{\~n}amero, Lola D} } @article {2001, title = {Emotions and Adaptation in Autonomous Agents: A Design Perspective}, journal = {Cybernetics and Systems: An International Journal}, volume = {32}, year = {2001}, pages = {507{\textendash}529}, publisher = {Taylor \& Francis}, abstract = {Why would we want to endow artificial autonomous agents with emotions? The main answer to this question seems to rely on what has been called the functional view of emotions, arising from (analytic) studies of natural systems. In this paper, I examine to what extent this hypothesis can be applied to the (synthetic) investigation of artificial emotions and what are its implications for the design of emotional agents, the main approaches that can be appropriately used to model emotions in autonomous agents, and why situated autonomous agents provide a good framework to study the relation between emotion and adaptation.}, issn = {0196-9722}, doi = {10.1080/01969720120250}, url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01969720120250}, author = {Ca{\~n}amero, Lola D}, editor = {Ca{\~n}amero, Lola D and Paolo Petta} } @inbook {2000, title = {Emotionally Grounded Social Interaction}, booktitle = {Human Cognition and Social Agent Technology}, series = {Advances in Consciousness Research}, number = {19}, year = {2000}, pages = {137{\textendash}162}, publisher = {John Benjamins Publishing Co.}, organization = {John Benjamins Publishing Co.}, chapter = {6}, author = {D Ca{\~n}amero and Walter Van de Velde}, editor = {Kerstin Dautenhahn} } @inbook {1999, title = {Emotions pour les agents situ{\'e}s}, booktitle = {Intelligence Artificielle Situ{\'e}e}, year = {1999}, publisher = {Herm{\`e}s science publications}, organization = {Herm{\`e}s science publications}, address = {Paris}, abstract = {Contrairement {\`a} l{\textquoteright}intelligence artificielle (IA) symbolique, l{\textquoteright}IA situ{\'e}e, qui adopte une vision plus large de l{\textquoteright}intelligence "compl{\`e}te" qui ne la d{\'e}tache pas de sa r{\'e}alisation corporelle et qui s{\textquoteright}int{\'e}resse {\`a} son r{\^o}le adaptatif, ouvre naturellement la porte {\`a} l{\textquoteright}{\'e}tude des r{\^o}les des {\'e}motions d{\textquoteright}un point de vue {\'e}volutif et {\`a} leur int{\'e}gration dans les agents autonomes ou animats comme des m{\'e}canismes favorisant l{\textquoteright}adaptation. Cet article examine les raisons pour lesquelles il semble int{\'e}ressant de doter d{\textquoteright}{\'e}motions les agents situ{\'e}s, en {\'e}tablissant un lien avec les {\'e}motions naturelles, ainsi que les diff{\'e}rentes approches envisageables permettant de mod{\'e}liser les {\'e}motions dans le cadre de l{\textquoteright}IA situ{\'e}e, et les diff{\'e}rents probl{\`e}mes qui en d{\'e}coulent. The notion of intelligence underlying symbolic Artificial Intelligence (AI) is tightly coupled to the idea of rationality. On the contrary, situated AI, with a wider view of intelligence that focuses on its embodiment and its adaptive value, allows to study emotional phenomena in animats from the point of view of evolution, and to investigate their adaptive roles. This paper examines the main reasons why it seems interesting to endow animats with emotions, establishing a parallel with natural emotions. It also considers the main approches that can be used to model emotions within situated AI, and the problems they pose. }, isbn = {978-274620076-0}, author = {D Ca{\~n}amero}, editor = {Alexis Drogoul and Jean-Arcady Meyer} } @proceedings {1998, title = {Emotional and Intelligent: The Tangled Knot of Cognition. Papers from the 1998 AAAI Fall Symposium}, year = {1998}, publisher = {AAAI Press}, address = {Orlando, Florida}, isbn = {978-1-57735-077-4}, url = {https://www.aaai.org/Press/Reports/Symposia/Fall/fs-98-03.php}, editor = {D Ca{\~n}amero} }