@article {2012,
	title = {Eliciting Caregiving Behavior in Dyadic Human-robot Attachment-like Interactions},
	journal = {ACM Transactions on Interactive Intelligent Systems},
	volume = {2},
	year = {2012},
	note = {<a href="https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/2133366.2133369">Download</a> (Open Access)},
	pages = {3:1{\textendash}3:24},
	publisher = {ACM},
	address = {New York, NY},
	abstract = {We present here the design and applications of an arousal-based model controlling the behavior of a Sony AIBO robot during the exploration of a novel environment: a children{\textquoteright}s play mat. When the robot experiences too many new perceptions, the increase of arousal triggers calls for attention towards its human caregiver. The caregiver can choose to either calm the robot down by providing it with comfort, or to leave the robot coping with the situation on its own. When the arousal of the robot has decreased, the robot moves on to further explore the play mat. We gathered results from two experiments using this arousal-driven control architecture. In the first setting, we show that such a robotic architecture allows the human caregiver to influence greatly the learning outcomes of the exploration episode, with some similarities to a primary caregiver during early childhood. In a second experiment, we tested how human adults behaved in a similar setup with two different robots: one {\textquotedblleft}needy{\textquotedblright}, often demanding attention, and one more independent, requesting far less care or assistance. Our results show that human adults recognise each profile of the robot for what they have been designed, and behave accordingly to what would be expected, caring more for the needy robot than for the other. Additionally, the subjects exhibited a preference and more positive affect whilst interacting and rating the robot we designed as needy. This experiment leads us to the conclusion that our architecture and setup succeeded in eliciting positive and caregiving behavior from adults of different age groups and technological background. Finally, the consistency and reactivity of the robot during this dyadic interaction appeared crucial for the enjoyment and engagement of the human partner.},
	issn = {2160-6455},
	doi = {10.1145/2133366.2133369},
	url = {https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/2133366.2133369},
	author = {Antoine Hiolle and Lola Ca{\~n}amero and Davila-Ross, Marina and Kim A. Bard}
}
@article {2012,
	title = {Emotional Body Language Displayed by Artificial Agents},
	journal = {ACM Transactions on Interactive Intelligent Systems},
	volume = {2},
	year = {2012},
	note = {<a href="https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/2133366.2133368">Download</a> (Open Access)},
	pages = {2:1{\textendash}2:29},
	publisher = {ACM},
	address = {New York, NY},
	abstract = {Complex and natural social interaction between artificial agents (computer-generated or robotic) and humans necessitates the display of rich emotions in order to be believable, socially relevant, and accepted, and to generate the natural emotional responses that humans show in the context of social interaction, such as engagement or empathy. Whereas some robots use faces to display (simplified) emotional expressions, for other robots such as Nao, body language is the best medium available given their inability to convey facial expressions. Displaying emotional body language that can be interpreted whilst interacting with the robot should significantly improve naturalness. This research investigates the creation of an affect space for the generation of emotional body language to be displayed by humanoid robots. To do so, three experiments investigating how emotional body language displayed by agents is interpreted were conducted. The first experiment compared the interpretation of emotional body language displayed by humans and agents. The results showed that emotional body language displayed by an agent or a human is interpreted in a similar way in terms of recognition. Following these results, emotional key poses were extracted from an actor{\textquoteright}s performances and implemented in a Nao robot. The interpretation of these key poses was validated in a second study where it was found that participants were better than chance at interpreting the key poses displayed. Finally, an affect space was generated by blending key poses and validated in a third study. Overall, these experiments confirmed that body language is an appropriate medium for robots to display emotions and suggest that an affect space for body expressions can be used to improve the expressiveness of humanoid robots.},
	issn = {2160-6455},
	doi = {10.1145/2133366.2133368},
	url = {https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/2133366.2133368},
	author = {Aryel Beck and Stevens, Brett and Kim A. Bard and Lola Ca{\~n}amero}
}
